06 September 2025
Which ministry published the Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Feasibility Study in 2025?
Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Feasibility Study – India (2025)
đš āĻāĻĻ্āĻŦোāϧāύāĻাāϰী | Launched by
✔ āĻŦেāϏাāĻŽāϰিāĻ āĻŦিāĻŽাāύ āĻāϞাāĻāϞ āĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻ (MoCA) – ICAO (ACT-SAF) āĻ āĻāĻāϰোāĻĒীāϝ় āĻāĻāύিāϝ়āύেāϰ āϏāĻšাāϝ়āϤাāϝ়
✔ Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) – with ICAO (ACT-SAF) and EU support
đš āϞāĻ্āώ্āϝ | Aim
✔ āĻŦাāϝ়োāĻŽাāϏ/āĻৃāώি-āĻ āĻŦāĻļিāώ্āĻাংāĻļেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻাāĻŦāύা āĻŽূāϞ্āϝাāϝ়āύ
✔ Assess biomass/agri-residue potential
✔ āĻā§āĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻĒāĻĻ্āϧāϤি āĻ āĻĒāϰিāĻাāĻ াāĻŽোāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤি āύিāϰ্āĻŖāϝ়
✔ Assess production pathways & infra readiness
✔ āύীāϤি āĻĒ্āϰāϝ়োāĻāύীāϝ়āϤা āĻিāĻš্āύিāϤāĻāϰāĻŖ
✔ Identify policy needs
đš āĻাāϰ্āĻেāĻ | Targets
✔ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧠āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে ā§§% SAF āĻŦ্āϞেāύ্āĻĄিং
✔ 1% SAF blending by 2027
✔ ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Ž āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে ⧍% SAF āĻŦ্āϞেāύ্āĻĄিং
✔ 2% SAF blending by 2028
✔ ⧍ā§Ļā§Šā§Ļ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে ā§Ģ% SAF āĻŦ্āϞেāύ্āĻĄিং
✔ 5% SAF blending by 2030
➡️ āϞāĻ্āώ্āϝ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻে CORSIA-āϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϏাāĻŽāĻ্āĻāϏ্āϝ āϰেāĻে
➡️ Targets aligned with CORSIA
đš āĻāĻĒāĻাāϰিāϤা | Benefits
✔ āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāĻ্āĻ ā§Žā§Ļ% āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ CO₂ āύিāϰ্āĻāĻŽāύ āĻš্āϰাāϏ
✔ Up to 80% lower CO₂ emissions
✔ āĻ āĻĒāϰিāĻļোāϧিāϤ āϤেāϞ āĻāĻŽāĻĻাāύি ⧍ā§Ļ–⧍ā§Ģ āĻāĻŽāĻি/āĻŦāĻāϰ āĻāĻŽাāĻŦে
✔ Reduce crude imports (20–25 MT/year)
✔ āĻৃāώāĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻāϝ় āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻĒাāĻŦে
✔ Boost farmer income
đš āĻāĻেāύ্āĻ | Event
✔ āĻĻু’āĻĻিāύāĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒী āĻāϰ্āĻŽāĻļাāϞা – āĻāĻĻাāύ āĻāĻŦāύ, āύāϝ়াāĻĻিāϞ্āϞি
✔ Two-day workshop – Udaan Bhawan, New Delhi
✔ āĻ ংāĻļāĻ্āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻাāϰী: ICAO, EASA, DGCA, āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāύিāϧি
✔ Participants: ICAO, EASA, DGCA, industry reps
Where was the 22nd Governing Body Meeting of NDTL held?
Indigenous Anti-Doping Reference Material (2025)
đš āĻāĻĻ্āĻŦোāϧāύāĻাāϰী | Launched by
✔ āĻেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰীā§ āĻ্āϰীāĻĄ়া āĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰী āĻŽāύāϏুāĻ āĻŽাāĻŖ্āĻĄাāĻিāϝ়া
✔ Union Sports Minister Mansukh Mandaviya
đš āĻāĻĻ্āĻাāĻŦāĻ āϏংāϏ্āĻĨা | Developed by
✔ āύ্āϝাāĻļāύাāϞ āĻĄোāĻĒ āĻেāϏ্āĻিং āϞ্āϝাāĻŦāϰেāĻāϰি (NDTL)
✔ National Dope Testing Laboratory (NDTL)
✔ NIPER – āĻুāϝ়াāĻšাāĻি (National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research)
đš āĻŽূāϞ āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āĻ্āϝ | Key Features
✔ āĻāĻĒাāĻĻাāύ: Methandienone Long-Term Metabolite (LTM)
✔ Material: Methandienone Long-Term Metabolite (LTM)
✔ āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ: āĻ ্āϝাāύ্āĻি-āĻĄোāĻĒিং āĻĒāϰীāĻ্āώাāϝ় āϏāĻ িāĻ āĻŽাāύ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āϏ্āĻ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄাāϰ্āĻĄ āϰেāĻĢাāϰেāύ্āϏ āĻŽ্āϝাāĻেāϰিāϝ়াāϞ
✔ Purpose: Standard reference for accurate anti-doping tests
✔ āĻŦৈāĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ: āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ WADA āĻ āύুāĻŽোāĻĻিāϤ āϞ্āϝাāĻŦে āϏāϰāĻŦāϰাāĻš āĻāϰা āĻšāĻŦে
✔ Global Use: To be supplied to all WADA-accredited labs
✔ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ: āĻāϤ্āĻŽāύিāϰ্āĻāϰ āĻাāϰāϤ āĻāĻĻ্āϝোāĻেāϰ āĻ āϧীāύে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĻেāĻļীāϝ় āϏংāĻļ্āϞেāώāĻŖ
✔ Significance: First indigenous synthesis under Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative
National Dope Testing Laboratory (NDTL)
đš āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ া | Established
✔ ⧧⧝⧝ā§Ļ āϏাāϞে (āĻĄোāĻĒ āĻāύ্āĻ্āϰোāϞ āϏেāύ্āĻাāϰ, āύāϝ়াāĻĻিāϞ্āϞি āύাāĻŽে)
✔ 1990 (as Dope Control Centre, New Delhi)
✔ ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ž āϏাāϞে āύাāĻŽāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻšāϝ় NDTL
✔ Renamed as NDTL in 2008
đš āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ | Location
✔ āύāϝ়াāĻĻিāϞ্āϞি
✔ New Delhi
đš āĻŽāϰ্āϝাāĻĻা | Status
✔ āĻাāϰāϤে WADA āĻ āύুāĻŽোāĻĻিāϤ āϞ্āϝাāĻŦ
✔ WADA-accredited laboratory in India
đš āĻাāϰ্āϝাāĻŦāϞি | Functions
✔ āĻ্āϰীāĻĄ়াāĻŦিāĻĻāĻĻেāϰ āύāĻŽুāύাāϰ āĻĄোāĻĒ āĻেāϏ্āĻ āĻĒāϰিāĻাāϞāύা
✔ Conducts dope testing of athletes’ samples
✔ āϰেāĻĢাāϰেāύ্āϏ āĻŽ্āϝাāĻেāϰিāϝ়াāϞ āĻ āĻāϧুāύিāĻ āĻĒāϰীāĻ্āώāĻŖ āĻৌāĻļāϞ āĻāύ্āύāϝ়āύ
✔ Develops reference materials & advanced testing techniques
✔ āύ্āϝাāĻļāύাāϞ āĻ ্āϝাāύ্āĻি-āĻĄোāĻĒিং āĻāĻেāύ্āϏি (NADA)-āĻে āϏāĻšাāϝ়āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ
✔ Supports National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) in enforcing anti-doping rules
đš āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ | Significance
✔ āĻেāϞাāϧুāϞাāϝ় āύ্āϝাāϝ়āϏংāĻāϤ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϝোāĻিāϤা āύিāĻļ্āĻিāϤ āĻāϰা
✔ Ensures fair play in sports
✔ āĻাāϰāϤে āĻĄোāĻĒāĻŦিāϰোāϧী āϞāĻĄ়াāĻāĻে āĻļāĻ্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻāϰা
✔ Strengthens India’s fight against doping
The Pfizer INDovation MoU was signed with which government body?
đ¤ DPIIT – Pfizer āϏāĻŽāĻোāϤা āϏ্āĻŽাāϰāĻ | DPIIT – Pfizer MoU
đš āĻŽূāϞ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ | Key Facts
✔ āϏāĻŽāĻোāϤা āϏ্āĻŽাāϰāĻ āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ্āώāϰিāϤ āĻšā§েāĻে: DPIIT & Pfizer India
✔ MoU signed between: DPIIT & Pfizer India
✔ āĻĒ্āϰোāĻ্āϰাāĻŽ: Pfizer INDovation
✔ Programme: Pfizer INDovation
✔ āϏāĻšাā§āϤা: āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāĻ্āĻ ₹60 āϞāĻ্āώ āĻ āύুāĻĻাāύ + ā§§ā§Ž āĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻāύāĻিāĻāĻŦেāĻļāύ (Social Alpha-āĻāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে)
✔ Support: Grants up to ₹60 lakh + 18-month incubation via Social Alpha
✔ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻĢোāĻাāϏ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰ:
➡️ āĻ āϏংāĻ্āϰাāĻŽāĻ āϰোāĻ (NCDs), āĻ āύāĻোāϞāĻি (āĻ্āϝাāύ্āϏাāϰ), āĻŽāϏ্āϤিāώ্āĻ āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ, āĻŽাāϤৃ āĻ āĻļিāĻļু āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ, āĻিāĻাāĻĻাāύ
➡️ Focus areas: NCDs, oncology, brain health, maternal-child health, immunization
✔ āϏāĻšাā§āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ:
➡️ āĻŽেāύ্āĻāϰāĻļিāĻĒ, āĻ āĻŦāĻাāĻ াāĻŽো, Pfizer Chennai R&D āĻ ্āϝাāĻ্āϏেāϏ, āĻŦৈāĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ āύেāĻāĻā§াāϰ্āĻ
➡️ Support provided: Mentorship, infra, R&D access (Pfizer Chennai), global networks
✔ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ: MedTech āϏ্āĻাāϰ্āĻāĻāĻĒāĻুāϞিāĻে āĻļāĻ্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻāϰা āĻ āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝāϏেāĻŦা āĻāĻĻ্āĻাāĻŦāύ āĻāĻোāϏিāϏ্āĻেāĻŽ āĻāύ্āύāϤ āĻāϰা
✔ Significance: Boosts MedTech startups, strengthens healthcare innovation ecosystem
đ️ DPIIT (āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ āĻ āĻ āĻ্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āĻŦাāĻŖিāĻ্āϝ āĻāύ্āύāϝ়āύ āĻĻāĻĒ্āϤāϰ) | DPIIT (Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade)
✔ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ া: ⧧⧝⧝ā§Ģ (DIPP āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে; ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧝-āĻ DPIIT āύাāĻŽāĻāϰāĻŖ)
✔ Established: 1995 (as DIPP, renamed DPIIT in 2019)
✔ āĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖাāϞāϝ়: āĻŦাāĻŖিāĻ্āϝ āĻ āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ āĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖাāϞāϝ়
✔ Ministry: Ministry of Commerce & Industry
✔ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻাāĻ:
➡️ āĻāĻĢāĻĄিāĻāĻ, āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি, āϏ্āĻাāϰ্āĻāĻāĻĒ āĻ āĻŽেāϧাāϏ্āĻŦāϤ্āĻŦ (IPR) āϏংāĻ্āϰাāύ্āϤ āύীāϤি āĻĒ্āϰāĻŖāϝ়āύ
➡️ Startup India āĻ Make in India āĻāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦাāϝ়āύ
➡️ Ease of Doing Business āĻ āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϝোāĻিāϤাāĻŽূāϞāĻāϤা āĻāύ্āύāϝ়āύ
➡️ Functions: FDI, industrial growth, startups, IPR policies; Implements Startup India & Make in India; Promotes Ease of Doing Business & competitiveness
đ Pfizer India
✔ āĻŽূāϞ āϏংāϏ্āĻĨা: Pfizer Inc. (U.S.-based pharma major)
✔ Parent company: Pfizer Inc. (U.S.-based pharma major)
✔ āĻাāϰāϤে āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ া: ⧧⧝ā§Ģā§Ļ
✔ Established in India: 1950
✔ āϏāĻĻāϰ āĻĻāĻĒ্āϤāϰ: āĻŽুāĻŽ্āĻŦাāĻ
✔ Headquarters: Mumbai
✔ āĻĢোāĻাāϏ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰ: āĻĢাāϰ্āĻŽাāϏিāĻāĻিāĻ্āϝাāϞāϏ, āĻ্āϝাāĻāϏিāύ, āĻ āύāĻোāϞāĻি, āĻাāϰ্āĻĄিāĻāϞāĻি, āĻ ্āϝাāύ্āĻি-āĻāύāĻĢেāĻāĻিāĻāϏ
✔ Focus areas: Pharmaceuticals, vaccines, oncology, cardiology, anti-infectives
✔ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ: āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ āĻ āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻŦāĻšুāĻাāϤিāĻ āĻĢাāϰ্āĻŽা āĻোāĻŽ্āĻĒাāύি; āϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āĻāĻŦেāώāĻŖা āĻ āĻāύāϏ্āĻŦাāϏ্āĻĨ্āϝ āĻāĻĻ্āϝোāĻে āϏāĻšāϝোāĻিāϤা āĻāϰে
✔ Significance: One of India’s leading MNC pharma companies; collaborates in healthcare R&D and public health initiatives
Prime Minister Lawrence Wong, who visited India in September 2025, belongs to which country?
India–Singapore Relations (September 2025)
đš āĻāĻāύা | Event
✔ āϏিāĻ্āĻাāĻĒুāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰী āϞāϰেāύ্āϏ āĻং ā§Ē āϏেāĻĒ্āĻেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ āϤাāϰিāĻে āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ āϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰāĻĒāϤি āĻĻ্āϰৌāĻĒāĻĻী āĻŽুāϰ্āĻŽু-āϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰāĻĒāϤি āĻāĻŦāύে āϏাāĻ্āώাā§ āĻāϰেāύ।
✔ Prime Minister of Singapore Lawrence Wong called on President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 4 September 2025.
đš āĻĒ্āϰেāĻ্āώাāĻĒāĻ | Context
✔ āĻাāϰāϤ–āϏিāĻ্āĻাāĻĒুāϰāĻে āĻāύিāώ্āĻ āĻ ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻāϞ্āϞেāĻ āĻāϰা āĻšā§।
✔ India’s Act East Policy āĻ Indo-Pacific Vision-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ্āĻে āϏāĻ্āĻāϤি āĻোāϰ āĻĻেāĻā§া āĻšā§।
✔ Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2015)-āĻāϰ āĻāϞ্āϞেāĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϞāĻŽাāύ āϏāĻšāϝোāĻিāϤা āϤুāϞে āϧāϰা āĻšā§ → āϏāĻŦুāĻ āĻ āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤি, āĻŽāĻšাāĻাāĻļ, āĻŦিāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāĻšāύ, āĻĢিāύāĻেāĻ, āĻĻāĻ্āώāϤা āĻāύ্āύā§āύ।
✔ Underscored India–Singapore as close partners, aligned with Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific vision.
✔ Mentioned Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2015) and collaboration in green economy, space, aviation, fintech, and skill development.
đ āϏিāĻ্āĻাāĻĒুāϰ | Singapore
đš āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ | Location
✔ āĻĻāĻ্āώিāĻŖ-āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ āĻāĻļিāϝ়াāϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒ āĻļāĻšāϰ-āϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰ, āĻŽাāϞāϝ় āĻāĻĒāĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒেāϰ āĻļীāϰ্āώে।
✔ Island city-state in Southeast Asia, at the tip of the Malay Peninsula.
đš āϰাāĻāϧাāύী | Capital
✔ āϏিāĻ্āĻাāĻĒুāϰ (āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻ্āĻে āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ āĻļāĻšāϰ)
✔ Singapore (both city and country).
đš āϏāϰāĻাāϰ | Government
✔ āϏংāϏāĻĻীāϝ় āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰ
✔ Parliamentary Republic
đš āϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰāĻĒāϤি | President
✔ āĻĨাāϰāĻŽ্āϝাāύ āĻļাāύāĻŽুāĻাāϰāϤ্āύāĻŽ (⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š āĻĨেāĻে)
✔ Tharman Shanmugaratnam (since 2023)
đš āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰী | Prime Minister
✔ āϞāϰেāύ্āϏ āĻং (āĻŽে ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē āĻĨেāĻে)
✔ Lawrence Wong (since May 2024)
đš āĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰা | Currency
✔ āϏিāĻ্āĻাāĻĒুāϰ āĻĄāϞাāϰ (SGD)
✔ Singapore Dollar (SGD)
đš āϏāϰāĻাāϰি āĻাāώা | Official Languages
✔ āĻংāϰেāĻি, āĻŽাāϞāϝ় (āĻাāϤীāϝ় āĻাāώা), āĻŽাāύ্āĻĻাāϰিāύ, āϤাāĻŽিāϞ
✔ English, Malay (national language), Mandarin, Tamil
đš āĻ āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤি | Economy
✔ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āĻŦাāĻŖিāĻ্āϝ, āĻĢিāύাāύ্āϏ āĻ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāĻšāύেāϰ āĻেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ
✔ āĻļীāϰ্āώāϏ্āĻĨাāύীāϝ় āĻাāϤ: āĻĢিāύāĻেāĻ, āĻŦাāϝ়োāĻেāĻāύোāϞāĻি, āĻļিāĻĒিং
✔ Global hub for trade, finance, and transport
✔ Leading in fintech, biotechnology, shipping
đš āĻৌāĻļāϞāĻāϤ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ | Strategic Importance
✔ āĻāϏিāϝ়াāύ, āĻāύ্āĻĻো-āĻĒ্āϝাāϏিāĻĢিāĻ āĻ āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ Act East Policy-āϤে āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻূāĻŽিāĻা
✔ Key player in ASEAN, Indo-Pacific, and India’s Act East Policy
đš āĻাāϰāϤ–āϏিāĻ্āĻাāĻĒুāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ | India–Singapore Ties
✔ ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ģ āϏাāϞ āĻĨেāĻে Comprehensive Strategic Partnership
✔ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰāĻ্āώা, āĻĢিāύāĻেāĻ, āĻĻāĻ্āώāϤা āĻāύ্āύāϝ়āύ āĻ āϏāĻŦুāĻ āĻ āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤিāϤে āϏāĻšāϝোāĻিāϤা
✔ Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2015)
✔ Cooperation in defence, fintech, skill development, and green economy
Which country recently ordered the blocking of 26 major social media platforms like Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, X, and WhatsApp?
đĩ āύেāĻĒাāϞ – āϏোāĻļ্āϝাāϞ āĻŽিāĻĄিāϝ়া āύিāώেāϧাāĻ্āĻা (āϏেāĻĒ্āĻেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ)
đĩ Nepal – Social Media Ban (September 2025)
đš āĻĒāĻĻāĻ্āώেāĻĒ | Action
✔ āύেāĻĒাāϞ āϏāϰāĻাāϰ ⧍ā§ŦāĻি āϏোāĻļ্āϝাāϞ āĻŽিāĻĄিāϝ়া āĻĒ্āϞ্āϝাāĻāĻĢāϰ্āĻŽে āύিāώেāϧাāĻ্āĻা āĻাāϰি āĻāϰেāĻে (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X, WhatsApp, LinkedIn āĻāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি)।
✔ Nepal banned 26 social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X, WhatsApp, LinkedIn, etc.).
đš āĻাāϰāĻŖ | Reason
✔ āϏāϰāĻাāϰী āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŽাāύেāύি → āϏ্āĻĨাāύীā§ āĻ āĻĢিāϏ āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ, āĻ āĻিāϝোāĻ āύিāώ্āĻĒāϤ্āϤি āĻāϰ্āĻŽāĻāϰ্āϤা (grievance officer) āύিā§োāĻ āĻ āĻĒ্āϞ্āϝাāĻāĻĢāϰ্āĻŽ āύিāĻŦāύ্āϧāύেāϰ āĻļāϰ্āϤ āĻĒূāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰেāύি।
✔ Non-compliance with govt order → failure to register, appoint grievance officers, and set up local offices.
đš āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāĻ্āϰāĻŽ | Exempted
✔ TikTok, Viber, WeTalk, Nimbuzz, Poppo Live → āĻāϰা āϏāϰāĻাāϰী āύিā§āĻŽ āĻŽেāύে āϰেāĻিāϏ্āĻ্āϰেāĻļāύ āĻāϰেāĻে।
✔ TikTok, Viber, WeTalk, Nimbuzz, Poppo Live → exempted as they complied with govt rules.
đš āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ | Purpose
✔ āϏাāĻāĻŦাāϰ āĻ āĻĒāϰাāϧ āĻĻāĻŽāύ
✔ Fake ID āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰোāϧ
✔ āĻুāϞ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ (misinformation) āύিā§āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ
✔ āĻāĻŦাāĻŦāĻĻিāĻšিāϤা āύিāĻļ্āĻিāϤ āĻāϰা
✔ To tackle cybercrime, fake IDs, misinformation & ensure accountability
đš āϏāĻŽাāϞোāĻāύা | Criticism
✔ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ্āώেāĻĒāĻে āĻŽāϤāĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻļেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āĻ āϏংāĻŦাāĻĻāĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻšুāĻŽāĻি āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻĻেāĻা āĻšāĻ্āĻে।
✔ Move seen as a threat to free speech & press freedom.
Who was appointed as India’s new Mines Secretary in September 2025?
⛏️ āĻĒিāϝ়ূāώ āĻোāϝ়েāϞ – āύāϤুāύ āĻāύিāĻ āϏāĻিāĻŦ (āϏেāĻĒ্āĻেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ)
⛏️ Piyush Goyal – New Mines Secretary (September 2025)
đš āύিāϝ়োāĻ | Appointment
✔ āĻĒিāϝ়ূāώ āĻোāϝ়েāϞ, ⧧⧝⧝ā§Ē āĻŦ্āϝাāĻেāϰ IAS (āύাāĻাāϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄ āĻ্āϝাāĻĄাāϰ), āύāϤুāύ āĻāύিāĻ āϏāĻিāĻŦ āύিāϝুāĻ্āϤ।
✔ Piyush Goyal, 1994-batch IAS (Nagaland cadre), appointed as the new Mines Secretary.
✔ āϤিāύি āĻি.āĻāϞ. āĻাāύ্āϤা āϰাāĻ-āĻāϰ āϏ্āĻĨāϞাāĻিāώিāĻ্āϤ।
✔ He succeeds V.L. Kantha Rao.
✔ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦে CEO, NATGRID (MHA) āĻĒāĻĻে āĻāϰ্āĻŽāϰāϤ āĻিāϞেāύ।
✔ Earlier served as CEO, NATGRID (MHA).
✔ āĻূāĻŽিāĻা: āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻāύিāĻ (āϞিāĻĨিāϝ়াāĻŽ, āĻোāĻŦাāϞ্āĻ, āύিāĻেāϞ, āϰেā§াāϰ āĻāϰ্āĻĨāϏ) āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰে āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ, āϝা āĻļāĻ্āϤি āϰূāĻĒাāύ্āϤāϰ āĻ āĻŦৈāĻĻ্āϝুāϤিāĻ āϝাāύāĻŦাāĻšāύ (EV) āĻাāϤ-āĻāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻ āĻĒāϰিāĻšাāϰ্āϝ।
✔ Role crucial for India’s push in critical minerals (lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare earths) for energy transition & EV sector.
đ️ āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ āĻāύিāĻ āĻ āĻāύāύ āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ
đ️ Mines & Mining Industry – India
đš āĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖাāϞāϝ় | Ministry
✔ āĻāύিāĻ āĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖাāϞāϝ়, āĻাāϰāϤ āϏāϰāĻাāϰ
✔ Ministry of Mines, Govt. of India
đš āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻাāĻ | Key Functions
✔ āĻāύিāĻ āĻ āύুāϏāύ্āϧাāύ, āĻāύ্āύāϝ়āύ āĻ āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ
✔ Exploration, development, and regulation of minerals
✔ āĻŦ্āϝāϤিāĻ্āϰāĻŽ: āĻĒেāĻ্āϰোāϞিāϝ়াāĻŽ, āĻĒ্āϰাāĻৃāϤিāĻ āĻ্āϝাāϏ, āĻĒাāϰāĻŽাāĻŖāĻŦিāĻ āĻāύিāĻ āĻ āĻāϝ়āϞা
✔ Excluding: petroleum, natural gas, atomic minerals, and coal
đš āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻāĻāύ | Major Acts
✔ Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act)
✔ Mineral Conservation & Development Rules, 2017
đš āĻ āϧীāύāϏ্āĻĨ āϏংāϏ্āĻĨা | Agencies under Ministry
✔ Geological Survey of India (GSI)
✔ Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM)
✔ Mineral Exploration and Consultancy Ltd. (MECL)
đš āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻāύিāĻ | Major Minerals
✔ āϧাāϤāĻŦ (Metallic): Iron ore, bauxite, copper, zinc, lead, manganese, gold
✔ āĻ āϧাāϤāĻŦ (Non-Metallic): Limestone, mica, gypsum, phosphate, diamond
đš āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻāύিāĻ | Critical Minerals
✔ Lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare earth elements
✔ Vital for clean energy, EVs, semiconductors
đš āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻāύāύ āϰাāĻ্āϝ | Top Mining States
✔ Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka
đš āϰāĻĒ্āϤাāύি āĻ āĻŦāĻĻাāύ | Export Contribution
✔ Iron ore, mica, bauxite, granite → āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ āĻŦৈāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ āĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰা āĻāϝ়েāϰ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻā§āϏ
✔ Iron ore, mica, bauxite, granite → contribute to India’s forex earnings
đǍ āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻāύি | Major Mines in India
Iron Ore
✔ Bailadila – Chhattisgarh
✔ Dalli-Rajhara – Chhattisgarh
✔ Kiriburu & Noamundi – Jharkhand
✔ Kudremukh – Karnataka
✔ Barbil & Joda – Odisha
Coal
✔ Jharia – Jharkhand
✔ Raniganj – West Bengal
✔ Talcher – Odisha
✔ Singrauli – Madhya Pradesh & Uttar Pradesh
✔ Korba – Chhattisgarh
Manganese
✔ Balaghat – Madhya Pradesh
✔ Nagpur & Bhandara – Maharashtra
✔ Keonjhar & Sundargarh – Odisha
Bauxite
✔ Panchpatmali – Odisha
✔ Katni – Madhya Pradesh
✔ Kalahandi – Odisha
✔ Lohardaga – Jharkhand
Gold
✔ Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) – Karnataka (closed now)
✔ Hutti Gold Mines – Karnataka
✔ Ramagiri – Andhra Pradesh
Copper
✔ Khetri – Rajasthan
✔ Malanjkhand – Madhya Pradesh
✔ Singhbhum – Jharkhand
Zinc & Lead
✔ Zawar & Rampura Agucha – Rajasthan
Limestone
✔ Katni – Madhya Pradesh
✔ Jodhpur – Rajasthan
✔ Gulbarga – Karnataka
Mica
✔ Koderma – Jharkhand
✔ Nellore – Andhra Pradesh
Diamond
✔ Panna – Madhya Pradesh
Uranium
✔ Jaduguda – Jharkhand
✔ Tummalapalle – Andhra Pradesh
✔ Narwapahar – Jharkhand
The ICC Women’s ODI World Cup 2025 will be hosted by which two countries?
đ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ āĻāĻāϏিāϏি āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āĻ্āϰিāĻেāĻ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻাāĻĒ | 2025 ICC Women’s Cricket World Cup
đš āϏংāϏ্āĻāϰāĻŖ | Edition
✔ ā§§ā§ŠāϤāĻŽ āĻāϏāϰ (ODI āĻĢāϰāĻŽ্āϝাāĻ, ā§Ģā§Ļ āĻāĻাāϰ, āĻŽোāĻ ā§Šā§§ āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ)
✔ 13th edition (ODI format, 50 overs, 31 matches)
đš āĻāϝ়োāĻāĻ | Hosts
✔ āĻাāϰāϤ – ā§Ēāϰ্āĻĨāĻŦাāϰ
✔ India – 4th time
✔ āĻļ্āϰীāϞāĻ্āĻা – āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦাāϰ
✔ Sri Lanka – 1st time
đš āϤাāϰিāĻ | Dates
✔ ā§Šā§Ļ āϏেāĻĒ্āĻেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ – ⧍ āύāĻেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ
✔ 30 Sept – 2 Nov 2025
đš āĻāĻĻ্āĻŦোāϧāύী āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ | Opening Match
✔ āĻাāϰāϤ āĻŦāύাāĻŽ āĻļ্āϰীāϞāĻ্āĻা – āĻুāϝ়াāĻšাāĻি
✔ India vs Sri Lanka – Guwahati
đš āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ | Special Matches
✔ āĻাāϰāϤ–āĻĒাāĻিāϏ্āϤাāύ āĻŽ্āϝাāĻāϏāĻŽূāĻš āĻļ্āϰীāϞāĻ্āĻাāϝ় āĻ āύুāώ্āĻ িāϤ āĻšāĻŦে
✔ India–Pakistan matches to be held in Sri Lanka
đš āĻĻāϞ āϏংāĻ্āϝা | Teams
✔ āĻŽোāĻ ā§ŽāĻি āĻĻāϞ āĻ ংāĻļāĻ্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻŦে
✔ Total 8 teams will participate
đš āĻĒুāϰāϏ্āĻাāϰ āĻ āϰ্āĻĨ | Prize Money
✔ USD 13.88 million → ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧍-āĻāϰ āϤুāϞāύাāϝ় ⧍⧝ā§% āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি
✔ USD 13.88 million → 297% increase from 2022
✔ āĻŦিāĻāϝ়ীāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤি: USD 4.48 million
✔ Winner’s share: USD 4.48 million
✔ (āĻĒুāϰুāώāĻĻেāϰ ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Š āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻাāĻĒ āĻĨেāĻেāĻ āĻŦেāĻļি)
✔ (Higher than Men’s 2023 World Cup)
UPI was launched in India in which year?
đŗ NPCI – UPI āϞেāύāĻĻেāύ āϏীāĻŽা āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ (ā§§ā§Ģ āϏেāĻĒ্āĻেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ āĻĨেāĻে āĻাāϰ্āϝāĻāϰ)
đŗ NPCI – UPI Transaction Limit Revision (Effective Sept 15, 2025)
đš āύāϤুāύ āϏীāĻŽা | New Limits
✔ āĻŦীāĻŽা āĻĒেāĻŽেāύ্āĻ: āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āϞেāύāĻĻেāύে āϏীāĻŽা ₹ā§Ģ āϞাāĻ
✔ Insurance payments: Limit raised to ₹5 lakh per transaction
✔ āĻĻৈāύিāĻ āϏাāĻŽāĻ্āϰিāĻ āϏীāĻŽা: āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻিāϤ P2M āĻ্āϝাāĻেāĻāϰিāϤে (āĻ্āϝাāĻĒিāĻাāϞ āĻŽাāϰ্āĻেāĻ, āĻŦীāĻŽা, GeM) āϝাāĻাāĻāĻৃāϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏাā§ীāϰ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে ₹ā§§ā§Ļ āϞাāĻ
✔ Daily aggregate limit: ₹10 lakh for select P2M categories with verified merchants (capital markets, insurance, GeM)
✔ P2P āϏীāĻŽা: āĻ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ ₹ā§§ āϞাāĻ/āĻĻিāύ
✔ P2P limit: Unchanged at ₹1 lakh/day
✔ āĻŦ্āϝাংāĻāϏāĻŽূāĻš: āĻ āĻ্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āĻāĻ োāϰ āϏীāĻŽা āϰাāĻāϤে āĻĒাāϰāĻŦে
✔ Banks: May keep stricter internal limits
đĻ NPCI (āύ্āϝাāĻļāύাāϞ āĻĒেāĻŽেāύ্āĻāϏ āĻāϰ্āĻĒোāϰেāĻļāύ āĻ
āĻĢ āĻāύ্āĻĄিāϝ়া)
đĻ NPCI (National Payments Corporation of India)
✔ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ া: ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ž
✔ Established: 2008
✔ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻĒāĻŖ্āϝ: UPI, RuPay, IMPS, FASTag, AePS
✔ Key products: UPI, RuPay, IMPS, FASTag, AePS
đ˛ UPI (āĻāĻāύিāĻĢাāĻāĻĄ āĻĒেāĻŽেāύ্āĻāϏ āĻāύ্āĻাāϰāĻĢেāϏ)
đ˛ UPI (Unified Payments Interface)
✔ RBI āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰিāϤ āϰিāϝ়েāϞ-āĻাāĻāĻŽ āĻĒেāĻŽেāύ্āĻ āϏিāϏ্āĻেāĻŽ
✔ Real-time payment system regulated by RBI
✔ āĻŦ্āϝাংāĻ-āĻু-āĻŦ্āϝাংāĻ P2P āĻāĻŦং P2M āϞেāύāĻĻেāύ āϏāĻŽ্āĻāĻŦ āĻāϰে
✔ Enables inter-bank P2P and P2M transactions
đš UPI – āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āĻ্āϝ | Key Features
✔ ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ŧ āϏাāϞে NPCI āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻাāϞু, RBI āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰিāϤ
✔ Launched in 2016 by NPCI, regulated by RBI
✔ ⧍ā§Ē×ā§ āϰিāϝ়েāϞ-āĻাāĻāĻŽ āϏিāϏ্āĻেāĻŽ → āĻŦ্āϝাংāĻ-āĻু-āĻŦ্āϝাংāĻ āĻ্āϰাāύ্āϏāĻĢাāϰ
✔ Real-time 24×7 system for inter-bank transfers
✔ āĻাāĻ āĻāϰে: VPA, QR āĻোāĻĄ, āĻŽোāĻŦাāĻāϞ āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ, āĻāϧাāϰ
✔ Works via: VPA, QR codes, mobile number, Aadhaar
✔ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āϏীāĻŽা: ₹ā§§ āϞাāĻ/āĻĻিāύ; āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻ্āϝাāĻেāĻāϰিāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻŦেāĻļি (₹ā§Ģ–ā§§ā§Ļ āϞাāĻ)
✔ General limit: ₹1 lakh/day; higher for select categories (₹5–10 lakh)
✔ āĻāύ্āϤāϰ্āĻাāϤিāĻ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ: āϏিāĻ্āĻাāĻĒুāϰ, UAE, āĻĢ্āϰাāύ্āϏ, āĻļ্āϰীāϞāĻ্āĻা, āύেāĻĒাāϞ
✔ Global use: Accepted in Singapore, UAE, France, Sri Lanka, Nepal
✔ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ: āĻĄিāĻিāĻাāϞ āĻāύāĻ্āϞুāĻļāύ āĻ āĻĢিāύāĻেāĻ āĻ্āϰোāĻĨে āĻŦāĻĄ় āĻূāĻŽিāĻা
✔ Key role in digital inclusion & fintech growth
In September 2025, DPIIT signed an MoU with which bank to support startup growth?
đ️ āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ āĻ āĻ
āĻ্āϝāύ্āϤāϰীāĻŖ āĻŦাāĻŖিāĻ্āϝ āĻāύ্āύā§āύ āĻĻāĻĢāϤāϰ (DPIIT)
đ️ Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)
đš āĻŽূāϞ āĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖাāϞ⧠| Parent Ministry
✔ āĻŦাāĻŖিāĻ্āϝ āĻ āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ āĻŽāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖাāϞāϝ়
✔ Ministry of Commerce & Industry
đš āĻāĻ āύ | Formation
✔ ⧧⧝⧝ā§Ģ āϏাāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ (DIPP āύাāĻŽে), ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧝ āϏাāϞে āύাāĻŽ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻšā§ে DPIIT
✔ Formed in 1995 (as DIPP), renamed DPIIT in 2019
đš āϏāĻĻāϰ āĻĻāĻĢāϤāϰ | Headquarters
✔ āύāϝ়া āĻĻিāϞ্āϞি
✔ New Delhi
đš āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻাāϰ্āϝাāĻŦāϞি | Functions
✔ āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ āύীāϤি āĻĒ্āϰāĻŖā§āύ
✔ Industrial policy formulation
✔ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝāĻ্āώ āĻŦিāĻĻেāĻļি āĻŦিāύিāϝ়োāĻ (FDI) āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰ
✔ Promotion of FDI
✔ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏা āϏāĻšāĻীāĻāϰāĻŖ āϏংāϏ্āĻাāϰ (Ease of Doing Business)
✔ Ease of Doing Business reforms
✔ āϏ্āĻাāϰ্āĻāĻāĻĒ āĻāύ্āĻĄিāϝ়া āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦাāϝ়āύ
✔ Startup India implementation
✔ āĻŽেāϧাāϏ্āĻŦāϤ্āĻŦ āĻ āϧিāĻাāϰ (IPR) āĻĒ্āϰāĻļাāϏāύ
✔ IPR administration
✔ āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒোāύ্āύāϝ়āύ āĻ āĻā§āĻĒাāĻĻāύ āϏāĻšাāϝ়āϤা
✔ Industrial growth & manufacturing support
đš āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ | Key Initiatives
✔ Startup India
✔ Startup India
✔ Make in India
✔ Make in India
✔ PM GatiShakti
✔ PM GatiShakti
✔ Industrial Corridors
✔ Industrial Corridors
Teachers’ Day in India is celebrated on the birth anniversary of which former President?
đ āĻļিāĻ্āώāĻ āĻĻিāĻŦāϏ | Teachers’ Day
đš āĻāĻŦে | When
✔ ā§ĢāĻ āϏেāĻĒ্āĻেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ (āĻাāϰāϤ)
✔ 5th September (India)
đš āĻেāύ | Why
✔ āĻĻাāϰ্āĻļāύিāĻ, āĻĒāĻŖ্āĻĄিāϤ āĻ āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় āϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰāĻĒāϤি āĻĄ. āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĒāϞ্āϞী āϰাāϧাāĻৃāώ্āĻŖāύ-āĻāϰ āĻāύ্āĻŽāĻŦাāϰ্āώিāĻী āĻāĻĒāϞāĻ্āώে।
✔ Marks the birth anniversary of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – philosopher, scholar, 2nd President of India.
đš āĻā§āĻĒāϤ্āϤি | Origin
✔ ⧧⧝ā§Ŧ⧍ āϏাāϞ āĻĨেāĻে āĻĒাāϞিāϤ āĻšāĻ্āĻে। āĻĄ. āϰাāϧাāĻৃāώ্āĻŖāύ āύিāĻে āĻ āύুāϰোāϧ āĻāϰেāĻিāϞেāύ, āϤাঁāϰ āĻāύ্āĻŽāĻĻিāύāĻে āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤিāĻāϤ āĻā§āϏāĻŦেāϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞে āĻļিāĻ্āώāĻ āĻĻিāĻŦāϏ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻĒাāϞিāϤ āĻšোāĻ।
✔ Since 1962, following Dr. Radhakrishnan’s request to celebrate his birthday as Teachers’ Day instead of personal celebration.
đš āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ | Purpose
✔ āĻļিāĻ্āώāĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻাāύāĻে āϏ্āĻŦীāĻৃāϤি āĻĻেāĻāϝ়া – āĻļিāĻ্āώা, āĻŽূāϞ্āϝāĻŦোāϧ āĻ āĻাāϤি āĻāĻ āύে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻূāĻŽিāĻা।
✔ Recognize teachers’ contribution in shaping education, values, and nation-building.
đš āĻĒাāϞāύ | Observance
✔ āϏ্āĻুāϞ, āĻāϞেāĻ āĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύāĻুāϞোāϤে āĻļিāĻ্āώāĻāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύāύা।
✔ Schools, colleges, and institutions honor teachers.
✔ āϏāϰāĻাāϰ āĻাāϤীāϝ় āĻļিāĻ্āώāĻ āĻĒুāϰāϏ্āĻাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻāϰে।
✔ Govt. confers National Awards to Teachers.
đš āĻŦৈāĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ āĻĒ্āϰেāĻ্āώাāĻĒāĻ | Global Context
✔ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āĻļিāĻ্āώāĻ āĻĻিāĻŦāϏ – ā§ĢāĻ āĻ āĻ্āĻোāĻŦāϰ (āĻāĻāύেāϏ্āĻো, ⧧⧝⧝ā§Ē āϏাāϞ āĻĨেāĻে)।
✔ World Teachers’ Day – 5th October (UNESCO, since 1994).
✔ āϞāĻ্āώ্āϝ: āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒী āĻļিāĻ্āώāĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻ āϧিāĻাāϰ, āĻŽāϰ্āϝাāĻĻা āĻ āĻূāĻŽিāĻাāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦাāϰোāĻĒ।
✔ Focus: Rights, status, and role of teachers worldwide.
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