19 August 2025
At which refinery will SAF production start from December 2025?
Notes :
āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) āĻĒ্āϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻ
India’s First Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Plant
• āĻোāĻŽ্āĻĒাāύি – āĻāύ্āĻĄিāϝ়াāύ āĻ
āϝ়েāϞ āĻāϰ্āĻĒোāϰেāĻļāύ (IOC)
• Company – Indian Oil Corporation (IOC)
• āĻ
āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ – āĻĒাāύিāĻĒāϤ āϰিāĻĢাāĻāύাāϰি, āĻšāϰিāϝ়াāύা
• Location – Panipat Refinery, Haryana
• āĻā§āĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻļুāϰু – āĻĄিāϏেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ 2025 āĻĨেāĻে āĻŦাāĻŖিāĻ্āϝিāĻ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰাāĻš
• Start of Production – Commercial supply from December 2025
• āϏāĻ্āώāĻŽāϤা – āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻŦāĻāϰ 35,000 āĻāύ (TPA) SAF
• Capacity – 35,000 tonnes per annum (TPA) of SAF
• āĻĢিāĻĄāϏ্āĻāĻ – āϰেāϏ্āĻুāϰেāύ্āĻ āĻ āĻĢুāĻĄ āĻেāĻāύেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āϰাāύ্āύাāϰ āϤেāϞ (āϝেāĻŽāύ – āĻšাāϞāĻĻিāϰাāĻŽ’āϏ)
• Feedstock – Used Cooking Oil (UCO) from restaurants & food chains (e.g., Haldiram’s)
• āϏাāϰ্āĻিāĻĢিāĻেāĻļāύ – āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ ISCC CORSIA āϏাāϰ্āĻিāĻĢিāĻেāĻļāύāĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤ, āϝা āĻ্āϞোāĻŦাāϞ SAF āĻ্āϰেāĻĄেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāϤাāĻŽূāϞāĻ
• Certification – First in India to get ISCC CORSIA certification, mandatory for global SAF trade
• āϏāϰāĻাāϰি āϞāĻ্āώ্āϝ –
– āĻāύ্āϤāϰ্āĻাāϤিāĻ āĻĢ্āϞাāĻāĻেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ ā§§% āĻŦ্āϞেāύ্āĻĄিং – ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§
– ⧍% āĻŦ্āϞেāύ্āĻĄিং – ⧍ā§Ļā§¨ā§Ž
– āĻĄোāĻŽেāϏ্āĻিāĻ āĻĢ্āϞাāĻāĻ āĻŽ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄেāĻ – ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧠āĻĒāϰ āĻĨেāĻে
• Government Target –
– 1% blending for international flights – 2027
– 2% blending – 2028
– Domestic flights mandate – after 2027
• āĻŦৈāĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ āĻĒ্āϰেāĻ্āώাāĻĒāĻ – CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation)-āĻāϰ āĻ
āϧীāύে, āĻāϝ়াāϰāϞাāĻāύ্āϏāĻুāϞোāĻে ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧠āĻĨেāĻে ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ļ āϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻāĻŽিāĻļāύ āĻ
āĻĢāϏেāĻ āĻāϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে
• Global Context – Under CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation), airlines must offset emissions beyond 2020 levels from 2027
- āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ – SAF āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰে āĻāĻিāϝ়েāĻļāύেāϰ āĻাāϰ্āĻŦāύ āĻĢুāĻāĻĒ্āϰিāύ্āĻ ā§Ŧā§Ļ–ā§Žā§Ļ% āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻāĻŽাāύো āϏāĻŽ্āĻāĻŦ
- Importance – SAF can reduce aviation’s carbon footprint by up to 60–80%
- āĻāϰāĻ: SAF āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻেāĻ āĻĢুāϝ়েāϞেāϰ āϤুāϞāύাāϝ় ā§Š āĻুāĻŖ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻĻাāĻŽী
- Cost: SAF is 3x costlier than regular jet fuel
• āĻāĻŦিāώ্āϝ⧠āĻĒāϰিāĻāϞ্āĻĒāύা – IOC āĻāĻাāĻĄ়াāĻ alcohol-to-jet (āĻāĻĨাāύāϞ-āĻিāϤ্āϤিāĻ SAF) āϤৈāϰি āĻāϰāĻে, āϝেāĻাāύে āϰāĻĒ্āϤাāύিāϰ āϞāĻ্āώ্āϝ (āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ্āϰেāϤা āĻāĻāϰোāĻĒ)
• Future Plans – IOC is also developing alcohol-to-jet (ethanol-based SAF), targeting exports (Europe = first buyer)
Which two awards did Neeraj Ghaywan’s film Homebound win at IFFM 2025?
Notes :
āĻāύ্āĻĄিāϝ়াāύ āĻĢিāϞ্āĻŽ āĻĢেāϏ্āĻিāĻ্āϝাāϞ āĻ āĻĢ āĻŽেāϞāĻŦোāϰ্āύ (IFFM) – āϏংāĻ্āώিāĻĒ্āϤ āύোāĻ
Indian Film Festival of Melbourne (IFFM) – Short Note
- āĻļুāϰু: ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ļ, āĻিāĻ্āĻোāϰিāϝ়া āϏāϰāĻাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϰ্āĻĨāύ ⧍ā§Ļ⧧⧍ āĻĨেāĻে
- Started: 2010, govt. of Victoria support since 2012
- āĻāϝ়োāĻāĻ: āĻŽাāĻāύ্āĻĄ āĻŦ্āϞোā§িং āĻĢিāϞ্āĻŽāϏ (āĻŽিāϤু āĻৌāĻŽিāĻ āϞ্āϝাāĻ্āĻে)
- Organizer: Mind Blowing Films (Mitu Bhowmick Lange)
- āϏ্āĻĨাāύ: āĻŽেāϞāĻŦোāϰ্āύ, āĻ āϏ্āĻ্āϰেāϞিāϝ়া (āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ āĻŦাāĻāϰে āϏāĻŦāĻেāϝ়ে āĻŦāĻĄ় āĻাāϰāϤীāϝ় āĻāϞāĻ্āĻিāϤ্āϰ āĻā§āϏāĻŦ)
- Location: Melbourne, Australia (biggest Indian film fest outside India)
- āĻ āύুāώ্āĻ াāύ: āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϰ্āĻļāύী, āĻĒুāϰāϏ্āĻাāϰ, āĻŽাāϏ্āĻাāϰāĻ্āϞাāϏ, ā§§ā§Ģ āĻāĻāϏ্āĻ āĻĒāϤাāĻা āĻāϤ্āϤোāϞāύ
- Events: Screenings, awards, masterclasses, flag-hoisting on 15 Aug
⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ-āĻāϰ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻĻিāĻ
2025 Highlights
- āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻ āϤিāĻĨি – āĻāĻŽিāϰ āĻাāύ
- Chief Guest – Aamir Khan
- āĻŦীāϰ āĻĻাāϏ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύিāϤ, āĻ āĻĻিāϤি āϰাāĻ āĻšাāϝ়āĻĻাāϰি āĻĒেā§েāĻেāύ āĻĄাāĻāĻাāϰāϏিāĻি āĻ ্āϝাāĻāϝ়াāϰ্āĻĄ
- Vir Das honored, Aditi Rao Hydari got Diversity Award
- āĻĒুāύāϰুāĻĻ্āϧাāϰāĻৃāϤ LGBTQ āĻāϞāĻ্āĻিāϤ্āϰ “āĻŦāĻĻāύাāĻŽ āĻŦāϏ্āϤি” āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϰ্āĻļিāϤ
- Restored LGBTQ film Badnam Basti showcased
- āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ: āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻুāĻĄ়ে āĻাāϰāϤীāϝ় āϏিāύেāĻŽা āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰ, āϏাংāϏ্āĻৃāϤিāĻ āĻূāĻāύীāϤি।
- Importance: Promotes Indian cinema globally, cultural diplomacy.
Which IIT has partnered with Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) to develop biodegradable alternatives to single-use plastics?
Notes :
āĻāϤ্āϤāϰ-āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ āϏীāĻŽাāύ্āϤ āϰেāϞāĻāϝ়ে (NFR) – āϏāĻŦুāĻ āĻāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ
Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) – Going Green
- NFR āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ: āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϰেāϞ āĻোāύ, āϝাāϰা āĻŦেāĻĄāϰোāϞ āĻŦিāϤāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻāĻŽ্āĻĒোāϏ্āĻেāĻŦāϞ āĻŦাāϝ়োāĻĒ্āϞাāϏ্āĻিāĻ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ āĻাāϞু āĻāϰেāĻে।
- NFR First: Became India’s first railway zone to shift to compostable bioplastic bags for distributing bedrolls.
- āĻļুāϰুāϰ āϤাāϰিāĻ: ā§§ā§Ģ āĻāĻāϏ্āĻ ā§¨ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ (ā§ā§¯āϤāĻŽ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āĻĻিāĻŦāϏ)।
- Launch Date: 15 August 2025 (79th Independence Day).
- āĻāĻĻ্āĻাāĻŦāĻ: āĻāĻāĻāĻāĻি āĻৌāĻšাāĻি, āĻĒ্āϰāĻĢেāϏāϰ āĻŦিāĻŽāϞ āĻাāĻিāϝ়াāϰ-āĻāϰ āύেāϤৃāϤ্āĻŦে।
- Developed by: IIT Guwahati, team led by Prof. Vimal Katiyar.
- āĻĒাāĻāϞāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻāϞ্āĻĒ: ⧍ā§ĢāĻি āĻ্āϰেāύে ā§Ēā§Ļ,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ – āĻ āϰুāĻŖাāĻāϞ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻেāĻļ, āĻāϏাāĻŽ, āĻŦিāĻšাāϰ, āϤ্āϰিāĻĒুāϰা, āĻĒāĻļ্āĻিāĻŽāĻŦāĻ্āĻ।
- Pilot Project: 40,000 bags across 25 trains in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Tripura, West Bengal.
- NFR-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŦুāĻ āĻāĻĻ্āϝোāĻ: āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝুāϤাāϝ়āύ, āϏৌāϰ āĻļāĻ্āϤি, āĻšাāϤি āϏুāϰāĻ্āώাāϝ় AI, āĻŦৃāώ্āĻিāϰ āĻāϞ āϏংāϰāĻ্āώāĻŖ, āĻŦাāϝ়ো-āĻāϝ়āϞেāĻ, āĻŦāύাāϝ়āύ, āĻāĻ িāύ āĻŦāϰ্āĻ্āϝ āĻāĻŽ্āĻĒোāϏ্āĻিং, āϏ্āĻŦāϝ়ংāĻ্āϰিāϝ় āĻāϝ়াāĻļিং āĻĒ্āϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻ।
- Green Initiatives of NFR: Electrification, solar power, AI-based elephant protection, rainwater harvesting, bio-toilets, afforestation, solid waste composting, automatic washing plants.
- āϰিāϏাāĻāĻ্āϞিং āϏাāĻĒোāϰ্āĻ: āĻাāĻŽাāĻ্āϝা āϏ্āĻেāĻļāύ-āĻ āĻāύোāĻুāϞাāĻŽ āĻেāύাāϰেāĻļāύ āĻĒ্āϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻ, āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ āĻĒুāύঃāĻĒ্āϰāĻ্āϰিāϝ়াāĻাāϤ āĻāϰে।
- Recycling Support: Inoculum generation plant at Kamakhya station reprocesses used bags.
- āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ: āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļāĻŦাāύ্āϧāĻŦ, āĻĒ্āϞাāϏ্āĻিāĻ āĻĻূāώāĻŖ āĻāĻŽাāϝ়, āϝাāϤ্āϰীāĻĻেāϰ āϏুāĻŦিāϧা āĻŦাāĻĄ়াāϝ়।
- Significance: Eco-friendly, reduces plastic pollution, enhances passenger convenience.
On which day is World Humanitarian Day observed?
Notes :
āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āĻŽাāύāĻŦিāĻāϤা āĻĻিāĻŦāϏ
World Humanitarian Day
- āĻĒাāϞāύেāϰ āϤাāϰিāĻ: āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻŦāĻāϰ ⧧⧝ āĻāĻāϏ্āĻ
- Date Observed: 19 August (every year).
- āĻোāώāĻŖা āĻāϰেāĻেāύ: āĻাāϤিāϏংāĻেāϰ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāϰিāώāĻĻ (UNGA) ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ž āϏাāϞে
- Declared by: UN General Assembly in 2008.
- āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ:
- āϝাāϰা āĻীāĻŦāύ āĻুঁāĻিāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻĢেāϞে āĻŽাāύāĻŦিāĻ āĻাāĻে āϝুāĻ্āϤ, āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύ āĻাāύাāύো।
- āϏāĻ্āĻāĻে āĻĨাāĻা āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āϏুāϰāĻ্āώা, āĻŽāϰ্āϝাāĻĻা āĻ āĻāϞ্āϝাāĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰ āĻāϰা।
- Purpose:
- To honor humanitarian workers who risk and lose their lives.
- To promote protection, dignity, and well-being of people in crisis.
- āĻĨিāĻŽ: āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻŦāĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻ āĻĨিāĻŽ āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰা āĻšāϝ় āϏāĻেāϤāύāϤা āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻāĻŦং āĻŽাāύāĻŦিāĻ āϏāĻšāϝোāĻীāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻāϤ্āϰিāϤ āĻāϰāϤে।
- Theme: Each year, the day adopts a specific theme to raise awareness and unite humanitarian partners.
- āĻĒāĻāĻূāĻŽি: ⧍ā§Ļā§Ļā§Š āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻŦাāĻāĻĻাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ্āϝাāύাāϞ āĻšোāĻেāϞ āĻŦোāĻŽা āĻšাāĻŽāϞা-āϰ āϏ্āĻŽāϰāĻŖে āĻĒাāϞিāϤ āĻšā§। āĻāϤে ⧍⧍ āĻāύ āύিāĻšāϤ āĻšāύ, āϝাāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻিāϞেāύ āĻাāϤিāϏংāĻ āĻĻূāϤ āϏেāϰ্āĻিāĻ āĻিāϝ়েāϰা āĻĻে āĻŽেāϞো।
- Background: Commemorates the 2003 Canal Hotel bombing in Baghdad, which killed 22 people, including UN envoy Sergio Vieira de Mello.
Which organization signed an MoU with IIIT Manipur for drone technology?
Notes :
āĻāϏাāĻŽ āϰাāĻāĻĢেāϞāϏ – āĻāĻāĻāĻāĻāĻāĻি āĻŽāĻŖিāĻĒুāϰ (āĻāĻāϏ্āĻ ā§¨ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ)
Assam Rifles – IIIT Manipur (Aug 2025)
- MoU āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ্āώāϰিāϤ āϏ্āĻĨাāύ: āĻŽāĻŖিāĻĒুāϰ
MoU Signed at: Manipur - āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ: āĻĻেāĻļীāϝ় āĻĄ্āϰোāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϝুāĻ্āϤি āĻāύ্āύāϝ়āύ
Objective: Development of indigenous drone technology - āĻŽূāϞ āĻĢোāĻাāϏ: āύāĻāϰāĻĻাāϰি, āϞāĻিāϏ্āĻিāĻ্āϏ, āϰিāĻāύাāĻāϏেāύ্āϏ
Key Focus: Surveillance, logistics, reconnaissance - āĻļুāϰু āĻšā§েāĻে: āĻ
্āϝাāĻĄāĻাāύ্āϏāĻĄ āĻĄ্āϰোāύ āĻ্āϰেāύিং āĻোāϰ্āϏ (DGCA-āϏ্āĻŦীāĻৃāϤ)
Launched: Advanced Drone Training Course (DGCA-certified) - āĻāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻিāϞেāύ: āĻŽেāĻāϰ āĻেāύাāϰেāϞ āϰāĻāϰূāĻĒ āϏিং āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻāĻāĻāĻি āĻŽāĻŖিāĻĒুāϰ āĻĄিāϰেāĻ্āĻāϰ
Attendees: Maj Gen Ravroop Singh & IIIT Manipur Director
Which planet does Russia plan to revisit with the Venera-D mission before 2036?
Notes :
āϰাāĻļিāϝ়াāϰ āĻāϏāύ্āύ āĻŽāĻšাāĻাāĻļ āĻŽিāĻļāύ
Russia’s Upcoming Space Mission
āĻŽিāĻļāύেāϰ āύাāĻŽ: āĻেāύেāϰা-āĻĄি (āĻļুāĻ্āϰāĻ্āϰāĻš āĻ āύুāϏāύ্āϧাāύ āĻŽিāĻļāύ)
- Mission Name: Venera-D (Venus exploration mission)
- āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ: ⧍ā§Ļā§Šā§Ŧ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻāĻে āĻļুāĻ্āϰāĻ্āϰāĻšে āĻĒুāύāϰাāϝ় āĻ āĻিāϝাāύ āĻাāϞাāύো
- Objective: To revisit Venus before 2036
- āĻāĻĒাāĻĻাāύāϏāĻŽূāĻš: āϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄাāϰ, āĻŦেāϞুāύ āĻĒ্āϰোāĻŦ, āĻāĻ্āώāĻĒāĻĨীāϝ় āĻŽāĻšাāĻাāĻļāϝাāύ
- Components: Lander, Balloon Probe, Orbital Spacecraft
- āĻĄিāĻাāĻāύ āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāϝ়: āĻাāύুāϝ়াāϰি ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ŧ-āĻ āĻļুāϰু āĻšāĻŦে, āϏāĻŽāϝ় āϞাāĻāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় ⧍ āĻŦāĻāϰ
- Design Phase: To start in January 2026, expected to take 2 years
- āĻā§āĻ্āώেāĻĒāĻŖেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ়āϏীāĻŽা: ⧍ā§Ļā§Šā§Ē–⧍ā§Ļā§Šā§Ģ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻāĻে āύāϝ়, āϤāĻŦে ⧍ā§Ļā§Šā§Ŧ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻ āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāĻ
- Launch Timeline: Not before 2034–2035, but no later than 2036
- āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒৃāĻ্āϤ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύ:
- āĻāĻāĻেāĻāĻ (āϰাāĻļিāϝ়াāύ āĻāĻাāĻĄেāĻŽি āĻ āĻŦ āϏাāϝ়েāύ্āϏেāϏ-āĻāϰ āϏ্āĻĒেāϏ āϰিāϏাāϰ্āĻ āĻāύāϏ্āĻিāĻিāĻāĻ)
- āϞাāĻোāĻāĻিāύ āĻ ্āϝাāϏোāϏিāϝ়েāĻļāύ (āϰাāĻļিāϝ়াāϰ āĻŽāĻšাāĻাāĻļ āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒ āϏংāϏ্āĻĨা)
- Institutions Involved:
- IKI (Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences)
- Lavochkin Association (Russian space industry enterprise)
- āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦ: āϰাāĻļিāϝ়াāϰ āύāϤুāύ āĻাāϤীāϝ় āĻŽāĻšাāĻাāĻļ āĻāϰ্āĻŽāϏূāĻিāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āĻ ংāĻļ
- Significance: Part of Russia’s new national space programme
Who became the youngest solicitor in England and Wales in 2025?
Notes:
āĻৃāώাāĻ্āĻী āĻŽেāĻļ্āϰাāĻŽ – āĻংāϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄ āĻ āĻāϝ়েāϞāϏেāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻāύিāώ্āĻ āϏāϞিāϏিāĻাāϰ (⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ)
Krishangi Meshram – Youngest Solicitor in England & Wales (2025)
- āĻৃāώাāĻ্āĻী āĻŽেāĻļ্āϰাāĻŽ (āĻাāϰāϤীāϝ় āĻŦংāĻļোāĻĻ্āĻূāϤ, āĻŽাāϝ়াāĻĒুāϰ āĻāϏāĻāύ, āĻĒāĻļ্āĻিāĻŽāĻŦāĻ্āĻেāϰ āĻŦাāϏিāύ্āĻĻা; āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āϏংāϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻāϰāĻŦ āĻāĻŽিāϰাāϤে āĻŦāϏāĻŦাāϏāĻাāϰী)
- Krishangi Meshram (Indian-origin, from Mayapur ISKCON, West Bengal; now UAE-based)
- āĻ āϰ্āĻāύ: āĻāĻĒ্āϰিāϞ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ-āĻ ā§¨ā§§ āĻŦāĻāϰ ā§Ē āĻŽাāϏ āĻŦā§āϏে āĻংāϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄ āĻ āĻāϝ়েāϞāϏেāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻāύিāώ্āĻ āϏāϞিāϏিāĻাāϰ āĻšāϝ়েāĻেāύ
- Achievement: Became the youngest solicitor in England & Wales at 21 years, 4 months (April 2025)
- āĻļিāĻ্āώাāĻāϤ āĻĒāĻĨāĻāϞা:
- ā§§ā§Ģ āĻŦāĻāϰ āĻŦāϝ়āϏে āĻāĻāύ āĻĄিāĻ্āϰি āĻļুāϰু āĻāϰেāύ (āĻāĻĒেāύ āĻāĻāύিāĻাāϰ্āϏিāĻি, āϝুāĻ্āϤāϰাāĻ্āϝ)
- ā§§ā§Ž āĻŦāĻāϰ āĻŦāϝ়āϏে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻļ্āϰেāĻŖিāϰ āĻ āύাāϰ্āϏāϏāĻš āĻāϞāĻāϞāĻŦি āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāύ্āύ āĻāϰেāύ
- āϞিāĻ্āϝাāϞ āĻĒ্āϰ্āϝাāĻāĻিāϏ āĻোāϰ্āϏ (āĻāϞāĻĒিāϏি) + āĻŽাāϏ্āĻাāϰ্āϏ āĻĄিāĻ্āϰি āĻļেāώ āĻāϰেāύ
- āϏোāϞিāϏিāĻাāϰāϏ āĻোāϝ়াāϞিāĻĢাāĻং āĻāĻ্āϏাāĻŽ (āĻāϏāĻিāĻāĻ) āύāĻেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē-āĻ āĻāϤ্āϤীāϰ্āĻŖ āĻšāύ
- Education Path:
- Started Law degree at 15 (Open University, UK)
- Completed LLB with First-Class Honours at 18
- Finished Legal Practice Course (LPC) + Master’s degree
- Cleared Solicitors Qualifying Exam (SQE) in Nov 2024
- āϏ্āĻŦীāĻৃāϤি: āϞ' āϏোāϏাāĻāĻি āĻেāĻেāĻ-āĻ (ā§§ āĻāĻāϏ্āĻ ā§¨ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ģ) āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻļিāϤ
- Recognition: Featured in Law Society Gazette (Aug 1, 2025)
- āĻāĻŦিāώ্āϝ⧠āĻĒāϰিāĻāϞ্āĻĒāύা: āĻĢিāύāĻেāĻ, āĻŦ্āϞāĻāĻেāĻāύ, āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻāύ āύিāϝ়ে āĻাāĻ āĻāϰাāϰ āϞāĻ্āώ্āϝ; āϝুāĻ্āϤāϰাāĻ্āϝ āĻ āϏংāϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻāϰāĻŦ āĻāĻŽিāϰাāϤেāϰ āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻāĻāύ āϏংāϏ্āĻĨাāϝ় āĻাāĻ āĻāϰাāϰ āϏ্āĻŦāĻĒ্āύ
- Future Plans: Explore fintech, blockchain, AI law; aim to work in top UK/UAE law firms
When did Chinese FM Wang Yi visit Delhi?
Notes :
āĻীāύ – āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ (āĻĒāϰীāĻ্āώাāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ)
China – Quick Facts (Exam Focus)
- āϏāϰāĻাāϰি āύাāĻŽ – āĻāĻŖāĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϤāύ্āϤ্āϰী āĻীāύ (PRC)।
- Official Name – People’s Republic of China (PRC).
- āϰাāĻāϧাāύী – āĻŦেāĻāĻিং।
- Capital – Beijing.
- āĻā§āϤāύ āĻ āĻāύāϏংāĻ্āϝা – āĻĒ্āϰাā§ 9.6 āĻŽিāϞিāϝ়āύ āĻŦāϰ্āĻāĻিāĻŽি; āĻāύāϏংāĻ্āϝা 1.4+ āĻŦিāϞিāϝ়āύ (⧍⧠āĻŦৃāĻšāϤ্āϤāĻŽ)।
- Area & Population – ~9.6 million sq km; 1.4+ billion people (2nd largest).
- āĻ āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤি – āύাāĻŽāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻিāĻĄিāĻĒি āĻ āύুāϏাāϰে ⧍⧠āĻŦৃāĻšāϤ্āϤāĻŽ; āĻ্āϰā§āĻ্āώāĻŽāϤা āϏাāĻŽ্āϝেāϰ (PPP) āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে ā§§āĻŽ।
- Economy – 2nd largest (Nominal GDP), 1st in PPP.
- āĻļাāϏāύāĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা – āĻāĻāĻĻāϞীā§ āĻāĻŽিāĻāύিāϏ্āĻ āϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰ; āĻĒāϰিāĻাāϞিāϤ āĻšā§ āĻীāύা āĻāĻŽিāĻāύিāϏ্āĻ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻি (CCP) āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা।
- Government – One-party communist state, ruled by CCP.
- āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āύেāϤা – āĻļি āĻিāύāĻĒিং (āϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰāĻĒāϤি, āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒাāĻĻāĻ, āϏাāĻŽāϰিāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ)।
- Current Leader – Xi Jinping (President, General Secretary, Military Chief).
- āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ – 1949 āϏাāϞে, āĻŽাāĻ āϏেāϤুং āĻāϰ্āϤৃāĻ।
- Founded – 1949, by Mao Zedong.
- āĻাāϤিāϏংāĻে āĻূāĻŽিāĻা – āύিāϰাāĻĒāϤ্āϤা āĻĒāϰিāώāĻĻেāϰ āϏ্āĻĨাā§ী āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝ; BRICS, G20, RCEP-āĻāϰ āĻ ংāĻļāĻ্āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻাāϰী।
- UN Role – Permanent member, UNSC; part of BRICS, G20, RCEP.
- āĻূāĻোāϞ – āĻŽাāĻāύ্āĻ āĻāĻাāϰেāϏ্āĻ (āϏāĻŦāĻেā§ে āĻঁāĻু, 8,848 āĻŽিāĻাāϰ), āϤুāϰāĻĒাāύ āĻĄিāĻĒ্āϰেāĻļāύ (āϏāĻŦāĻেā§ে āύিāĻু, −154 āĻŽিāĻাāϰ)।
- Geography – Mt. Everest (highest, 8,848 m), Turpan Depression (lowest, −154 m).
- āϏংāϏ্āĻৃāϤি – 59āĻি āĻāĻāύেāϏ্āĻো āĻāϝ়াāϰ্āϞ্āĻĄ āĻšেāϰিāĻেāĻ āϏাāĻāĻ; āĻĒৃāĻĨিāĻŦীāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻীāύāϤāĻŽ āĻ āĻŦিāĻ্āĻিāύ্āύ āϏāĻ্āϝāϤা।
- Culture – 59 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, oldest continuous civilization.
Which Sri Lankan domestic cricketer has been banned by ICC for 5 years for match fixing?
Notes :
About Sri Lanka :
- āϏāϰāĻাāϰি āύাāĻŽ: āĻĄেāĻŽোāĻ্āϰ্āϝাāĻিāĻ āϏোāĻļ্āϝাāϞিāϏ্āĻ āϰিāĻĒাāĻŦāϞিāĻ āĻ
āĻŦ āĻļ্āϰীāϞāĻ্āĻা
Official Name: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka - āĻ
āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ: āĻাāϰāϤ āĻŽāĻšাāϏাāĻāϰে, āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ āĻĻāĻ্āώিāĻŖে āĻāĻāĻি āĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒāϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰ
Location: Island nation, south of India (Indian Ocean) - āϰাāĻāϧাāύী: Capitals:
- āĻāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦো – āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻšী/āĻŦিāĻাāϰ āĻŦিāĻাāĻীā§ āϰাāĻāϧাāύী
- Colombo – Executive/Judicial
- āĻāύāϏংāĻ্āϝা: āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় 21.7 āĻŽিāϞিāϝ়āύ (2024)
Population: ~21.7 million (2024) - āĻাāώা: āϏিংāĻšāϞি, āϤাāĻŽিāϞ, āĻংāϰেāĻি (āϏংāϝোāĻ āĻাāώা)
Languages: Sinhala, Tamil, English (link language) - āϧāϰ্āĻŽ: āĻŦৌāĻĻ্āϧāϧāϰ্āĻŽ (āϏংāĻ্āϝাāĻāϰিāώ্āĻ ), āĻšিāύ্āĻĻুāϧāϰ্āĻŽ, āĻāϏāϞাāĻŽ, āĻ্āϰিāϏ্āĻāϧāϰ্āĻŽ
Religion: Buddhism (majority), Hinduism, Islam, Christianity - āĻাāϤিāĻāϤ āĻোāώ্āĻ ী: āϏিংāĻšāϞি (~75%), āϤাāĻŽিāϞ (~16%), āĻŽুāϰ (~9%)
Ethnic Groups: Sinhalese (~75%), Tamils (~16%), Moors (~9%) - āĻ
āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤি: āϏেāĻŦাāĻাāϤāύিāϰ্āĻāϰ; āϰāĻĒ্āϤাāύি āĻĒāĻŖ্āϝ – āĻা, āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ, āϰāϤ্āύ, āϰাāĻŦাāϰ, āύাāϰāĻেāϞ
Economy: Services-led; exports tea, garments, gems, rubber, coconuts - āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āĻāύ্āύā§āύ āϏূāĻāĻ (āĻāĻāĻāĻĄিāĻāĻ): 0.776 (2023) – āĻāĻ্āĻ āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āĻāύ্āύā§āύ
HDI: 0.776 (2023) – High Human Development - āĻāĻāύেāϏ্āĻো āĻā§াāϰ্āϞ্āĻĄ āĻšেāϰিāĻেāĻ āϏাāĻāĻ: āϏিāĻিāϰিā§া, āĻ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄি, āĻĒোāϞোāύাāϰুāϝ়া, āϏিāύāĻšাāϰাāĻা āĻŦāύ āĻāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি
UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Sigiriya, Kandy, Polonnaruwa, Sinharaja Forest etc.
Who has been approved as Director at Tata Sons’ Annual General Meeting (AGM)?
Notes :
About Tata Group :
- āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ 1868 āϏাāϞে āĻাāĻŽāĻļেāϤāĻি āĻাāĻা āĻāϰ্āϤৃāĻ।
- Founded in 1868 by Jamsetji Tata.
- āĻšোāϞ্āĻĄিং āĻোāĻŽ্āĻĒাāύি: Tata Sons Pvt. Ltd. (āĻ্āϰাāϏ্āĻেāϰ āĻ ংāĻļীāĻĻাāϰিāϤ্āĻŦ 66%)।
- Holding company: Tata Sons Pvt. Ltd. (Trusts hold 66% stake).
- āĻাāϰ্āϝāĻ্āϰāĻŽ āĻাāϞাā§ 100+ āĻĻেāĻļে, āĻŽোāĻ 30+ āĻোāĻŽ্āĻĒাāύি āύিā§ে।
- Operates in 100+ countries, across 30+ companies.
- āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āϏেāĻ্āĻāϰ: āĻāϏ্āĻĒাāϤ, āĻ āĻোāĻŽোāĻŦাāĻāϞ, āĻāĻāĻি (TCS), āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝুā§, āĻোāĻ্āϤা āĻĒāĻŖ্āϝ, āĻšোāĻেāϞ, āĻĢাāĻāύ্āϝাāύ্āϏ, āĻāϝ়াāϰোāϏ্āĻĒেāϏ।
- Key sectors: Steel, Automobiles, IT (TCS), Power, Consumer Products, Hotels, Finance, Aerospace.
- āϰাāĻāϏ্āĻŦ: $165+ āĻŦিāϞিāϝ়āύ (2023–24), āĻāϰ্āĻŽāĻাāϰী: 1 āĻŽিāϞিāϝ়āύ+।
- Revenue: $165+ billion (2023–24), Employees: 1 million+.
- āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻোāĻŽ্āĻĒাāύি: Tata Steel, Tata Motors (Jaguar Land Rover-āĻāϰ āĻŽাāϞিāĻ), TCS, Tata Power, Titan, Indian Hotels (Taj)।
- Major firms: Tata Steel, Tata Motors (owns Jaguar Land Rover), TCS, Tata Power, Titan, Indian Hotels (Taj).
- āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āĻেā§াāϰāĻŽ্āϝাāύ: āĻāύ. āĻāύ্āĻĻ্āϰāĻļেāĻāϰāύ (2017 āĻĨেāĻে)।
- Current Chairman: Chandrasekaran (since 2017).
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